In standard knowledge, fiction and non-fiction are sometimes seen as several types of genres on totally different terrains of data. Non-fiction is the realm of info whereas fiction is the realm of creativeness or non-facts. Bertrand Russell, asserts that “To learn the way nature works, we should overlook our personal hopes and fears and tastes, and be guided solely by cautious investigation of info.”[1] Worldwide Relations (IR) as a part of non-fiction is a research of info, empirical proof and knowledge. Accordingly, knowledge can sufficiently converse for themselves. In Designing Social Inquiry, King, Keohane and Verba outline knowledge as “systematically collected components of details about the world”.[2] It leaves little room for creativeness and creativity. Nevertheless, in actuality, reality (out-there on the planet) and fiction (in right here) should not completely separable, however mutually constitutive. Many bizarre individuals come to know worldwide relations circuitously by way of the info ‘on the market’ on the planet however fairly by way of on a regular basis fashionable tradition, together with movie and fiction. The worldwide is on occasion narrated in and thru the fictional. The latter shapes and intersubjectively constructs how we predict and picture worldwide politics.
Think about Star Wars. We all know (factual) “Star Wars” solely after we know (fictional) “Star Wars”. That’s, Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Protection Initiative (SDI) program (1983) is just not significant with out the Star Wars movie franchise, starting in 1977. Illustration is a part of actuality. By interrogating the inflexible dichotomy of reality/ fiction and bringing the fictional and fashionable tradition again into the research of IR, this text argues that fairly than narrowly conceived as a methodological instrument of fiction writing, Fictional Worldwide Relations is a crucial theoretical exploration and intervention that rethinks the fictional as an area of creativeness and narrative in addition to an area for emancipation.
The primary a part of this text examines and situates Fictional Worldwide Relations within the transdisciplinary discipline of IR. The second half adumbrates the (meta)theoretical contributions of Fictional Worldwide Relations. Foregrounding in relational ontology, Fictional Worldwide Relations epistemologically exposes how fiction and movie are inextricably linked with the social and discursive building of actuality, particularly worldwide politics. In movie and fiction, the politics of id and otherness in addition to the political illustration of buddies and enemies are repetitively reproduced. Fictional Worldwide Relations grammatically constitutes the quotidian language of world politics. Taking cues from Michel Foucault and Edward Mentioned, Fictional Worldwide Relations has supplied a strategy of contrapuntal studying and discourse evaluation. The third half then supplies a contrapuntal and discursive studying of State of Terror (2021). It explores why and the way this novel critically destabilizes the highly effective troupe of reality/fiction binary, which can’t maintain and has been blurred. Lastly, the article concludes with a consideration of the guarantees and potentials of Fictional Worldwide Relations.
I
Within the final 20 years or so, IR has developed a extra vibrant and cutting-edged analysis on fashionable tradition and international politics. Amongst others, Roland Bleiker and William Callahan pioneeringly introduce the visible or aesthetic flip in IR, which explores how pictures form the best way through which international politics works.[3] Bleiker places it properly:
We stay in a visible age. Photos form worldwide occasions and our understanding of them … However we nonetheless know far too little concerning the exact position visuality performs within the realm of politics and worldwide relations … (Visible IR presents) a complete overview of and engagement with the position of visuality in politics and worldwide relations … That’s, to check a political engagement with the visible and a visible engagement with the political.[4]
Some students name for the autobiographical strategy to IR, by highlighting the significance of the self-reflexivity in analysis.[5] This strategy examines the shut and complicated interrelationships between theorizing and theorizer – henceforth, I/ IR.[6] IR constructs I and vice versa. All through the analysis practices and data manufacturing, I and IR are mutually constituted.
Within the discipline of geopolitics, there are these whose works transcend the standard strategy and study the interrelationship between fashionable tradition and geopolitical illustration.[7] As a crucial discipline of research, fashionable or crucial geopolitics subsequently explores a way of how pictures and representations of world political geographies flow into inside and past nationwide political cultures. It addresses two facets: (1) the style through which political life is fused with the mass media; and (2) the totally different sort of media concerned in producing and circulating pictures of world politics whether or not it’s tv, radio, movie, and/or the web. Associated, a lot of students similar to Cynthia Weber, Michael J. Shapiro, Klaus Dodds, William Callahan use movie as a crucial strategies of instructing worldwide politics.[8] We’d name this group a cinematic IR.
If we map these distinctive turns within the research of IR, we are able to see the intersection between these 4 units of analysis, particularly visible, autobiographical, cinematic and fictional IR. Fictional Worldwide Relations might be seen as a broad church that features the primary three turns.
The importance of the fictional is ubiquitous. Even in mainstream IR idea, the fictional is lately used as a metaphor. For example, the metaphor of zombies attacking the world is seen by Daniel Drezner as a metaphorical use for IR theoretical proof and relevance.[9] Nevertheless, Fictional Worldwide Relations distanciates and differentiates from mainstream IR within the sense that the fictional is just not merely a metaphorical instrument however an area of creativeness and critique.
II
Taking a cue from Sungju Park-Kang[10], I argue that Fictional Worldwide Relations is a crucial theoretical exploration that takes the realm of creativeness and fashionable tradition into severe consideration. In distinction with Park-Kang, Fictional Worldwide Relations shouldn’t be restricted as a methodological instrument of fiction writing. Relatively, it ought to be broadly conceived as a crucial strategy/ ethos to rethinking the fictional as an area of creativeness and narrative that creates and shapes what’s the actual in international politics. Typically, the fictional is an area for adjustments or emancipation, of all types.
Fictional Worldwide Relations has three (meta)theoretical contributions, as follows:
First, ontologically, it debunks the binary opposition between what’s fictional and what’s factual. It additionally questions how we see what’s actual or a actuality in world politics. The ontology of Fictional Worldwide Relations is fashionable tradition, together with fiction and movie. It research each issues and non-things like fiction, movie, pictures, cartoons, video games, and digital. The fictional performs vital roles within the which means and practices of worldwide relations. As well as, Fictional Worldwide Relations ought to interact with relational ontology, that argues that relations precede the existence of issues.[11] It’s relations or relationality that represent how we see what’s actual on the planet. It’s neither the adjustments on the market on the planet nor the adjustments in right here (within the thoughts). However fairly the adjustments in between. Merely put, relational ontology articulates changing into, fairly than being, at explicit crossroads of time and house.
Foregrounding in relational ontology, Fictional Worldwide Relations’ epistemologically may help us assume deeper about ideas similar to reality, actuality and reality. It thereby contests and calls into query the imaginary boundary between reality and fiction.[12] First, the very fact/ fiction dichotomy is a contemporary building. Solely within the 17th Century, the boundary was fictionally constructed. That’s, science and historical past was related to being true and truthful (henceforth, factual and actual) whereas fiction was related to being false (henceforth, nonfactual).[13] Earlier than that, the time period ‘novel’ meant one thing new. It had been used as each true and fictional occasions. The excellence between reality and fiction is a historic building or a fiction in itself.
Second, even the time period reality originated from the Latin verb facere, which implies ‘to do’, ‘to create’, ‘to characterize’, and even ‘to think about’ and ‘to invent’. In different phrases, reality (actuality) and fiction (creativeness) are inextricably interrelated and mutually constituted. In different phrases, Fictional Worldwide Relations exposes how fiction and movie are inextricably linked with the social and discursive building of actuality, particularly worldwide politics. In movie and fiction, the politics of id and otherness in addition to the political illustration of buddies and enemies are repetitively reproduced. Think about the Soviet menace within the Chilly Struggle period or the Russian/ Chinese language assertiveness at present. Fictional Worldwide Relations grammatically constitutes the quotidian/ on a regular basis language of world politics.
Third, taking cues from Michel Foucault and Edward Mentioned, Fictional Worldwide Relations has supplied a strategy of contrapuntal studying and discourse evaluation as a way to make sense of the world particularly the shut and complicated contours of reality and fiction. Analyzing discourses is just not merely a research of meanings however extra importantly a research of ‘sense-making’ practices. Discourses might be broadly outlined as ensembles of social practices, representations and interpretations by way of which sure regimes of reality, and their concomitant identities, are produced and reproduced in a specific historic context.[14] They’re inseparably related to social practices the place meanings are given to topics, objects and states’ behaviors, similar to diplomacy.
On this sense, the poststructural strategy of discourse evaluation is totally different from the constructivist strategy of concepts, id and norms.[15] First, discourse is just not purely an thought. Relatively, it contains each concepts and materiality. In different phrases, discourse is all the time already a discursive follow par excellence. Second, id is just not an a priori, inherently pre-given and goal entity, impartial from social context. Relatively, it’s socio-politically relational within the sense that it’s constructed by way of discursive practices in representing overseas coverage. Id ought to be understood by way of identification or subjectivation that produced and reproduced subjectivity or topic positions in temporal and spatial contexts. Third, a norm is just not an ordinary or rule of acceptable behaviors. Relatively, a norm is a normalizing course of. It defines what counts as ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’, ‘thinkable and ‘unthinkable’, in social practices together with overseas coverage practices.
Discourse evaluation might be complemented with Edward Mentioned’s contrapuntal studying. In his oft-cited e book, Tradition and Imperialism (1993), Mentioned proposed a brand new approach of studying literary texts: contrapuntal studying.[16] It includes ‘pondering by way of and deciphering collectively’ narratives from totally different elements of the world in direction of recovering ‘intertwined and overlapping histories’ of humankind.[17] As a crucial methodology, contrapuntal studying requires not solely studying the textual content by way of what it consists of, however by way of what has been excluded from it by going past the constraints of narration throughout the terrain of mainstream IR and imperialism. The texts have to be located in gentle of and inside a historic context and structural dependency. In response to Mentioned, this context implements the dogmatic side of imperialism, “the follow, the speculation, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan middle ruling a distant territory.”[18]
Within the first complete biography of Edward Mentioned, Timothy Brennan aptly summarizes that for Mentioned, “the fact ‘on the market’ is inaccessible with out shared conceptions communicated by phrases. All actuality for us, insofar as we’re human and never gods, is essentially mediated by language, regardless that that actuality could also be bodily impartial of our ideas”. “Actuality”, continues Brennan, “acquires its sense and form solely by means of the ideas we type of it, and this acquires its social which means solely in language. On this sense … ideas should not secondary to actuality however constitutive of it”.[19]
Due to this fact, Fictional Worldwide Relations can learn fiction and movie by way of a contrapuntal standpoint, by deconstructing and demystifying the discursive underpinnings of the texts in addition to debunking the imperialist/ neo-imperialist troupe of world politics. By doing so, it might render seen the choice and marginalized voices.
III
“State of Terror” (2021) is co-authored by former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and crime novelist Louise Penny.[20] This part explores why and the way this novel is just not merely and purely the results of the fictional. However fairly, exhibits how the novel critically destabilizes the highly effective troupe of reality/fiction dichotomy (Secretary of State Clinton/ fictional Madam Secretary), which can’t maintain and has been blurred. This studying exposes many key themes in American energy and worldwide relations, as follows (all emphases are mine):
On former US president:
“Former President Eric Dunn, that’s who. Identified to even, maybe particularly, his closest associates as Eric the Dumb. However this went past dumb into deranged” (115).
On the deep state and the state of overseas coverage:
Secretary of State Ellen Adams: “I don’t have time to waste, so listed here are the bullet factors. The previous administration screwed up all the pieces it touched. It poisoned the nicely, poisoned {our relationships}. We’re the chief of the free world in title solely. That efficient intelligence community you’re so happy with now not exists. Our allies mistrust us. Those that’d do us hurt are circling. And we let it occur. We allow them to in. Russia. The Chinese language. That madman in North Korea. And right here, within the administration, in positions of affect? And even the lower-level employees? Can we actually belief that they’re doing a great job?” (p 80).
“Deep State,” mentioned the Director of Nationwide Intelligence.
Ellen Adams: It’s not depth we have to fear about, it’s width. It’s in all places. 4 years of hiring, of selling, of rewarding individuals who’d say and do something to prop up a deranged President has left us susceptible (p 80).
In different phrases, there was no such factor because the Deep State. There was nothing “deep” about it. Nothing hidden. Profession workers and political appointees wandered the halls and sat in conferences and shared bogs and tables within the cafeterias (p 51).
On America’s international management:
“A strong message was being despatched to buddies and foes alike. Of continuity, of power, of resolve and goal. That the injury accomplished by the previous administration could be repaired. That America was again” (p 14).
On the alliance system:
Because the Secretary of State, Ellen Adams “was ready to rebuild bridges to allies after the near-criminal incompetence of the previous administration. She might mend very important relationships or lay down warnings to unfriendly nations. Those who may need hurt in thoughts and the flexibility to hold it out” (p 3).
On Iran:
Basic Whitehead, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Workers: “the Dunn administration pulled out of the nuclear accord with Iran. It was a horrible mistake. It closed Iran to all inspection, all scrutiny, of their weapons program.” … “It was accomplished with no plan, with out getting something in return. Nothing was put in place to verify all of the features, the hard-won stability, our intelligence and counterintelligence and counterterrorism capabilities could be maintained. Underneath the Dunn plan a vacuum was created. One the Taliban is completely satisfied to fill.” (177).
On the American withdrawal from Afghanistan:
“With the Individuals gone, the Taliban, after being given secure haven for years in Pakistan, would once more take energy in Afghanistan. And with them would come their allies, in some methods their worldwide navy arm: Al-Qaeda.”
“It was an Al-Qaeda intent on hurting the West. Particularly intent on revenge in opposition to the USA for the killing of Osama bin Laden. They’d pledged it, and now, with the assistance of Bashir Shah and the Russian mafia, with the American withdrawal from Afghanistan and the reemergence of the Taliban, they’d be ready to hold the menace by way of, and in a extra spectacular, extra damaging style than they’d dreamed doable.”
“A terrorist group might do what a authorities couldn’t. A authorities was topic to worldwide scrutiny and sanctions. A terrorist group was not.” (pp 366–367).
On Libya:
“Colonel Gaddafi was satisfied to surrender his nuclear weapons,” the Navy Secretary defined.
“And the subsequent factor you already know, Libya’s invaded, and Gaddafi’s overthrown and killed. Nobody on this area has missed that lesson. Any nation with a nuclear weapon is secure. Nobody would dare assault. Any nation with out nuclear functionality is susceptible. It’s suicide to surrender their weapons.”
“The stability of terror,” mentioned Ellen.
“The stability of energy, Madame Secretary,” mentioned the [Pakistani] Prime Minister with a benign smile. (p 373).
On Russia, Russia is seen as “predatory and unpredictable” (p. 226) and “unstable, fickle.” (p. 229).
Russian President Maxim Ivanov is “a ruthless tyrant, schooled in oppression each delicate and merciless.” “Whereas Eric Dunn had a pure intuition for different individuals’s weaknesses, what he didn’t have was calculation. He was far too lazy for that. However this man? This man calculated all the pieces, with a coldness that may have given Siberia a chill.” (p 420).
“It’s by no means admitted, however nothing occurs with out the Russian President having a hand in it. Nobody might get these weapons, that fissile materials, with out his approval. He’s made billions.”
“The Russian President made the oligarchs. He gave them wealth and energy. He managed them. And so they managed the mob.
“The Russian mafia was the thread connecting all the weather. Iran. … Al-Qaeda. Pakistan.” (p 394).
The novel asks the elemental query in worldwide relations, what’s the state of terror? In response to Clinton and Penny,
“Given a alternative between bedlam and a dictatorship, what do you assume the American individuals will select? Pushed by worry of one other assault, in a state of terror, they’ll do the terrorists’ work for them. They’ll destroy their very own freedoms. Settle for, even applaud, the suspension of rights. Internment camps. Torture. Expulsions.”
“The liberal agenda, ladies’s equality, homosexual marriage, immigrants, can be blamed for the demise of the true America. However due to the daring motion of a patriotic few, the white Anglo-Saxon Christian, God-fearing America of their grandparents can be restored. And in the event that they must slaughter a couple of thousand to realize it, nicely, it’s warfare, in spite of everything. The beacon that was America will die, by suicide. Frankly it was coughing up blood anyway.” (p 451).
Within the state of terror, torture is to a sure extent justifiable for the US. Because the novel places it succinctly:
“Ellen, who’d been appalled by the brutality of “enhanced interrogations,” now discovered inside herself a deep nicely of situational ethics. If torture would get the knowledge out of him [the suspect], would possibly save 1000’s of lives, then deliver it on.”
“You’ll be able to’t do it, are you able to. The tip doesn’t justify the means . . .”
“The tip is outlined by the means,” mentioned Ellen … “There are higher, quicker methods than torture. We all know that below torture individuals will say something to make it cease. Not essentially the reality.” (p 320-1).
Due to this fact, Clinton and Penny’s fictional Madam Secretary and the true life Secretary of State Hillary Clinton should not totally different figuratively. Clinton as an writer and former Secretary of State perceives or precisely constructs the state of worldwide affairs. Studying contrapuntally, the US is just not merely a state of liberty however a brand new empire in a state of terror.
IV
Accessing visible tradition by way of fashionable movie [and fiction] permits us to think about the connections between IR idea and our on a regular basis lives. Utilizing fashionable movie [and fiction] on this approach helps us to get a way of the each connections between ‘the favored’ and ‘the political’. – Cynthia Weber[21]
By exposing and problematizing the very fact/ fiction binary opposition, Fictional Worldwide Relations supplies us promising analysis in transdisclinary and transversal self-discipline of IR. Relatively constructing a separate self-discipline with totally different theoretical ‘campfires’, IR could make a constructive dialogue and debate with different disciplines, similar to movie research, cinematography, literature and literary research and so forth. Fictional Worldwide Relations is a (meta)theoretical bridge-builder by way of data co-production and studying.
Ontologically, Fictional Worldwide Relations examines what’s the issues and non-things in international politics. It debunks the dichotomy of what’s ‘on the market’/ outdoors and what’s ‘in right here’/ inside our thoughts. Issues and non-things are formed by an interstitial house of in-between. The ontology is relational ontology, that relations precede and prevail over the existence of issues.
Epistemologically, Fictional Worldwide Relations appears at how and the methods through which issues and non-things are discursively constituted in and thru intersubjective illustration and practices in addition to energy/data. Methodologically, it presents a contrapuntal studying and approach of seeing. It takes challenge with the traditional knowledge of positivist methodology. Fictional Worldwide Relations additionally adopts the discourse evaluation to critically interrogate the discursive framing and illustration of id and distinction. Praxeologically, it contributes to how we place ourselves in a socio-political world. It opens the house of creativeness. The creativeness is on the coronary heart of what it means to be human. Fictional Worldwide Relations additionally foregrounds ourselves in empathic analysis ethos. Ethically and politically, empathy is a vicarious identification with different human beings and the world. Being empathetic is to place us into others’ sneakers, to situate ourselves inside others’ locations and positions. We will really feel for and perceive different human beings.
Therefore, Fictional Worldwide Relations is an ethic of critique and important creativeness in addition to an ethic of political duty. Towards this backdrop, we’re conscious of our epistemic limitation and incomplete understanding. As social science researchers, we wouldn’t have to fake to be goal and impartial, whose feelings and emotions are solely uncared for.
From the Fictional Worldwide Relations standpoint, knowledge can’t and can by no means converse for themselves. They don’t seem to be value-free. Information are fashioned and framed by way of energy/ data in several spatial and temporal contexts. They’re all the time views from someplace. Essential and Fictional IR could make us reflexively conscious of those aforementioned standpoints. As a crucial IR theorizer, I’m virtually all the time impressed and influenced by the fictional. In Tokyo Specific (1958), Seicho Matsumoto places it properly:
All of us fall prey to preconceptions that make us take sure issues with no consideration. It is a harmful factor. Our slavish reliance on our personal frequent sense creates a blind spot.[22]
A blind spot of frequent sense must be traversed and transcended by counterpoints and contrapuntal studying. Essential IR on the whole and Fictional IR specifically ought to be extrapolated as theoretical explorations and unfinished journeys, fairly than locations. Following the perception from Kenneth Boulding, a famend peace analysis theorist, “we’re as we’re as a result of we obtained that approach”.[23]
The way forward for IR lies within the intersectionality of reality, fiction and movie. The way in which ahead is just not solely to construct World IR[24] but in addition to problematize World IR analysis and to see this intersectionality in crucial and imaginative methods.[25] In different phrases, we have to stretch ourselves not solely past Western centrism however extra importantly past the epistemic fallacy and particularly reality/fiction dichotomy. That is largely as a result of IR is firstly about methods of revisioning, regarding and reinventing world politics. It’s a seek for “understanding different individuals’s emotions, making relationships between oneself and the world”.[26] Fictional Worldwide Relations seeks to develop an empathic and vicarious worldview by imagining being in different’s locations and positions. Being imaginative and being empathic permits the open-ended view of human potentials and potentialities.
Footnotes
[1] Bertrand Russell, Truth and Fiction (London: Routledge, 1961), 120. For Russell, “there are two sorts of info to be borne in thoughts. There are what is likely to be known as onerous info, involved with armaments, dangers of unintended warfare, Western obligations to West Berlin, Russian tyranny in Hungary, and so forth. There are additionally what, as compared, could also be known as mushy info.
These encompass the hopes and fears which have impressed actions which have elevated hostility. There’s a continuous inter-action between these two units of info, and to debate which set ought to come first could appear to be the outdated downside of the hen and the egg. I feel, nevertheless, {that a} smaller effort is required to alter the mushy info than to alter the onerous ones, and that the simplest strategy to change the onerous info is to deal with the mushy info first” (208).
[2] Gary King, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton College Press, 1994).
[3] See Roland Bleiker, ed., Visible World Politics (London: Routledge, 2018); Roland Bleiker, “The Aesthetic Flip in Worldwide Political Principle”, Millennium: Journal of Worldwide Research, Vol. 30: No. 3 (2001), 509-533; Roland Bleiker, Aesthetics and World Politics (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); William A. Callahan, “The Visible Flip in IR: Documentary Filmmaking as a Essential Technique”, Millennium: Journal of Worldwide Research, Vol. 43: No. 3 (2015), 891–910; William A. Callahan, Wise Politics: Visualizing Worldwide Relations (Oxford: Oxford College Press, 2020).
[4] Roland Bleiker, “Mapping Visible World Politics”, in Vitual World Politics (London: Routledge, 2018), 1.
[5] See Naeem Inayatullah, eds., Autobiographical Worldwide Relations: I, IR (London: Routledge, 2011); Naeem Inayatullah and Elizabeth Dauphinee, eds., Narrative World Politics: Principle, Historical past and the Private in Worldwide Relations (London: Routledge, 2016); Elizabeth Dauphinee, The Politics of Exile (London: Routledge, 2013).
[6] Ken Sales space, “Safety and Self: Reflections of a Fallen Realist”, in Essential Safety Research: Ideas and Circumstances, eds. Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams (London: UCL Press, 1997), 83-119.
[7] See Gearóid ó Tuathail, Essential Geopolitics (London: Routledge, 1997); Klaus Dodds, World Geopolitics: A Essential Introduction (London: Routledge, 2005); Klaus Dodds, Merje Kuus, and Joanne Sharp, eds., The Ashgate Analysis Companion to Essential Geopolitics (London: Routledge, 2013).
[8] See Cynthia Weber, “The highs and lows of instructing IR idea: Utilizing fashionable movie for theoretical critique”, Worldwide Research Views, Vol. 2 (2001), 281-287; Cynthia Weber, Worldwide Relations Principle: A Essential Introduction, 5th Version (London: Routledge 2021); Michael J. Shapiro, Cinematic Geopolitics (London: Routledge, 2009); Klaus Dodds, “ ‘Have You Seen Any Good Movie These days?’ Geopolitics, Worldwide Relations and Movie”, Geography Compass, Vol. 2: No. 2 (2008): 476-494; William A. Callahan, “The Visible Flip in IR: Documentary Filmmaking as a Essential Technique”, Millennium: Journal of Worldwide Research, Vol. 43: No. 3 (2015), 891–910.
[9] Daniel W. Drezner, Theories of Worldwide Politics and Zombies, Revived Version (Princeton: Princeton College Press, 2015).
[10] Sungju Park-Kang, “Fictional IR and Creativeness: Advancing Narrative Method”, Assessment of Worldwide Research, Vol. 41: No. 2 (2015), 361-381; Sungju Park-Kang, Fictional Worldwide Relations: Gender, Ache and reality (London: Routledge, 2014).
[11] See Chengxin Pan, “Towards a brand new relational ontology in international politics: China’s rise as holographic transition”, Worldwide Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 18: No. 3 (2018), 339-367; Yaqing Qin, A Relational Principle of World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge College Press, 2018); Emilian Kavalski, The Quanxi of Relational Worldwide Principle (London: Routledge, 2018); Milja Kurki, “Relational revolution and relationality in IR: New conversations”, Assessment of Worldwide Research (2021), 1-16.
[12] On the binary relationship between reality and fiction, see Richard Ned Lebow, Forbidden Fruit: Counterfactuals and Worldwide Relations (Princeton: Princeton College Press 2010), 276-283.
[13] Sungju Park-Kang, “Fictional IR and Creativeness: Advancing Narrative Method”, Assessment of Worldwide Research, Vol. 41: No. 2 (2015), 362.
[14] Jennifer Milliken, “The Examine of Discourse in Worldwide Relations: A Critique of Analysis and Strategies”, European Journal of Worldwide Relations, Vol. 5: No. 2 (1999), 233, 236.
[15] See Lene Hansen, Safety as Observe: Discourse Evaluation and the Bosnian Struggle (London and New York: Routledge, 2006); Charlotte Epstein, “Who Speaks? Discourse, the Topic and the Examine of Id in Worldwide Politics”, European Journal of Worldwide Relations, Vol. 17: No. 2 (2011), 327-50; Maja Zehfuss, “Constructivism and Id: A Harmful Liaison”, European Journal of Worldwide Relations, Vol. 7: No. 3 (2001), 315-8.
[16] See Geeta Chowdhry, “Edward Mentioned and Contrapuntal Studying: Implications for Essential Interventions in Worldwide Relations”, Millennium: Journal of Worldwide Research, Vol.36: No.1 (2007), 101-116; Pinar Bilgin, “ ‘Contrapuntal Studying’ as a Technique, Ethos, and a Metaphor for World IR”, Worldwide Research Assessment, Vol. 18 (2016), 134-146.
[17] Edward Mentioned, Tradition and Imperialism (London: Penguin, 1993), 32.
[18] Mentioned, Tradition and Imperialism, 28.
[19] Timothy Brenana, Locations of Thoughts: A Lifetime of Edward Mentioned (London: Bloomsbury, 2021), 206.
[20] Hillary Clinton and Louise Penny, State of Terror (London: Penguin Books, 2021).
[21] Cynthia Weber, Worldwide Relations Principle: A Essential Introduction, 5th Version (London: Routledge 2021), 9.
[22] Seicho Matsumoto, Tokyo Specific, trans. Jesse Kirkwood (London: Penguin Books, 2022 [1958]), 138.
[23] Quoted in Sales space, “Safety and Self: Reflections of a Fallen Realist”, 101.
[24] Amitav Acharya, “Advancing World IR: Challenges, Contentions, and Contributions”, Worldwide Research Assessment, Vol. 18: No. 1 (2016), 4-15
[25] See Kullada Kesboonchoo Mead and Jittipat Poonkham, “The Finish of Thai Worldwide Relations? A plea for the empirical foundations of crucial idea”, in Worldwide Relations as a Self-discipline in Thailand (London: Routledge, 2018), 240-258.
[26] Park-Kang, “Fictional IR and Creativeness: Advancing Narrative Method”, 381.
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